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何不买房？

Wednesday, August 30, 2006

Things You Really Need to Learn

Guy Kawasaki last week wrote an item describing 'ten things you should learn this school year' in which readers were advised to learn how to write five sentence emails, create powerpoint slides, and survive boring meetings. It was, to my view, advice on how to be a business toady. My view is that people are worth more than that, that pleasing your boss should be the least of your concerns, and that genuine learning means something more than how to succeed in a business environment.

But what should you learn? Your school will try to teach you facts, which you'll need to pass the test but which are otherwise useless. In passing you may learn some useful skills, like literacy, which you should cultivate. But Guy Kawasaki is right in at least this: schools won't teach you the things you really need to learn in order to be successful, either in business (whether or not you choose to live life as a toady) or in life.

Here, then, is my list. This is, in my view, what you need to learn in order to be successful. Moreover, it is something you can start to learn this year, no matter what grade you're in, no matter how old you are. I could obviously write much more on each of these topics. But take this as a starting point, follow the suggestions, and learn the rest for yourself. And to educators, I ask, if you are not teaching these things in your classes, why are you not?

1. How to predict consequences

The most common utterance at the scene of a disaster is, "I never thought..." The fact is, most people are very bad at predicting consequences, and schools never seem to think to teach them how to improve.

The prediction of consequences is part science, part mathematics, and part visualization. It is essentially the ability to create a mental model imaging the sequence of events that would follow, "what would likely happen if...?"

The danger in such situations is focusing on what you want to happen rather than what might happen instead. When preparing to jump across a gap, for example, you may visualize yourself landing on the other side. This is good; it leads to successful jumping. But you need also to visualize not landing on the other side. What would happen then? Have you even contemplated the likely outcome of a 40 meter fall?

This is where the math and science come in. You need to compare the current situation with your past experience and calculate the probabilities of different outcomes. If, for example, you are looking at a 5 meter gap, you should be asking, "How many times have I successfully jumped 5 meters? How many times have I failed?" If you don't know, you should know enough to attempt a test jump over level ground.

People don't think ahead. But while you are in school, you should always be taking the opportunity to ask yourself, "what will happen next?" Watch situations and interactions unfold in the environment around you and try to predict the outcome. Write down or blog your predictions. With practice, you will become expert at predicting consequences.

Even more interestingly, over time, you will begin to observe patterns and generalities, things that make consequences even easier to predict. Things fall, for example. Glass breaks. People get mad when you insult them. Hot things will be dropped. Dogs sometimes bite. The bus (or train) is sometimes late. These sorts of generalizations - often known as 'common sense' - will help you avoid unexpected, and sometimes damaging, consequences.

2. How to read

Oddly, by this I do not mean 'literacy' in the traditional sense, but rather, how to look at some text and to understand, in a deep way, what is being asserted (this also applies to audio and video, but grounding yourself in text will transfer relatively easily, if incompletely, to other domains).

The four major types of writing are: description, argument, explanation and definition. I have written about these elsewhere. You should learn to recognize these different types of writing by learning to watch for indicators or keywords.

Then, you should learn how sentences are joined together to form these types of writing. For example, an argument will have two major parts, a premise and a conclusion. The conclusion is the point the author is trying to make, and it should be identified with an indicator (such as the words 'therefore', 'so', or 'consequently', for example).

A lot of writing is fill - wasted words intended to make the author look good, to distract your attention, or to simply fill more space. Being able to cut through the crap and get straight to what is actually being said, without being distracted, is an important skill.

Though your school will never teach you this, find a basic book on informal logic (it will have a title like 'critical thinking' or something like that). Look in the book for argument forms and indicator words (most of these books don't cover the other three types of writing) and practice spotting these words in text and in what the teacher says in class. Every day, focus on a specific indicator word and watch how it is used in practice.

3. How to distinguish truth from fiction

I have written extensively on this elsewhere, nonetheless, this remains an area schools to a large degree ignore. Sometimes I suspect it is because teachers feel their students must absorb knowledge uncritically; if they are questioning everything the teacher says they'll never learn!

The first thing to learn is to actually question what you are told, what you read, and what you see on television. Do not simply accept what you are told. Always ask, how can you know that this is true? What evidence would lead you to believe that it is false?

I have written several things to help you with this, including my Guide to the Logical Fallacies, and my article on How to Evaluate Websites. These principles are more widely applicable. For example, when your boss says something to you, apply the same test. You may be surprised at how much your boss says to you that is simply not true!

Every day, subject at least one piece of information (a newspaper column, a blog post, a classroom lecture) to thorough scrutiny. Analyze each sentence, analyze every word, and ask yourself what you are expected to believe and how you are expected to feel. Then ask whether you have sufficient reason to believe and feel this way, or whether you are being manipulated.

4. How to empathize

Most people live in their own world, and for the most part, that's OK. But it is important to at least recognize that there are other people, and that they live in their own world as well. This will save you from the error of assuming that everyone else is like you. And even more importantly, this will allow other people to become a surprising source of new knowledge and insight.

Part of this process involves seeing things through someone else's eyes. A person may be, quite literally, in a different place. They might not see what you see, and may have seen things you didn't see. Being able to understand how this change in perspective may change what they believe is important.

But even more significantly, you need to be able to imagine how other people feel. This mans that you have to create a mental model of the other person's thoughts and feelings in your own mind, and to place yourself in that model. This is best done by imagining that you are the other person, and then placing yourself into a situation.

Probably the best way to learn how to do this is to study drama (by that I don't mean studying Shakespeare, I mean learning how to act in plays). Sadly, schools don't include this as part of the core curriculum. So instead, you will need to study subjects like religion and psychology. Schools don't really include these either. So make sure you spend at least some time in different role-playing games (RPGs) every day and practice being someone else, with different beliefs and motivations.

When you are empathetic you will begin to seek out and understand ways that help bridge the gap between you and other people. Being polite and considerate, for example, will become more important to you. You will be able to feel someone's hurt if you are rude to them. In the same way, it will become more important to be honest, because you will begin to see how transparent your lies are, and how offensive it feels to be thought of as someone who is that easily fooled.

Empathy isn't some sort of bargain. It isn't the application of the Golden Rule. It is a genuine feeling in yourself that operates in synch with the other person, a way of accessing their inner mental states through the sympathetic operation of your own mental states. You are polite because you feel bad when you are rude; you are honest because you feel offended when you lie.

You need to learn how to have this feeling, but once you have it, you will understand how empty your life was before you had it.

5. How to be creative

Everybody can be creative, and if you look at your own life you will discover that you are already creative in numerous ways. Humans have a natural capacity to be creative - that's how our minds work - and with practice can become very good at it.

The trick is to understand how creativity works. Sometimes people think that creative ideas spring out of nothing (like the proverbial 'blank page' staring back at the writer) but creativity is in fact the result of using and manipulating your knowledge in certain ways.

Genuine creativity is almost always a response to something. This article, for example, was written in response to an article on the same subject that I thought was not well thought out. Creativity also arises in response to a specific problem: how to rescue a cat, how to cross a gap, how to hang laundry. So, in order to be creative, the first thing to do is to learn to look for problems to solve, things that merit a response, needs that need to be filled. This takes practice (try writing it down, or blogging it, every time you see a problem or need).

In addition, creativity involves a transfer of knowledge from one domain to another domain, and sometimes a manipulation of that knowledge. When you see a gap in real life, how did you cross a similar gap in an online game? Or, if you need to clean up battery acid, how did you get rid of excess acid in your stomach?

Creativity, in other words, often operates by metaphor, which means you need to learn how to find things in common between the current situation and other things you know. This is what is typically meant by 'thinking outside the box' - you want to go to outside the domain of the current problem. And the particular skill involved is pattern recognition. This skill is hard to learn, and requires a lot of practice, which is why creativity is hard.

But pattern recognition can be learned - it's what you are doing when you say one song is similar to another, or when you are taking photographs of, say, flowers or fishing boats. The arts very often involve finding patterns in things, which is why, this year, you should devote some time every day to an art - music, photography, video, drawing, painting or poetry.

6. How to communicate clearly

Communicating clearly is most of all a matter of knowing what you want to say, and then employing some simple tools in order to say it. Probably the hardest part of this is knowing what you want to say. But it is better to spend time being sure you understand what you mean than to write a bunch of stuff trying to make it more or less clear.

Knowing what to say is often a matter of structure. Professional writers employ a small set of fairly standard structures. For example, some writers prefer articles (or even whole books!) consisting of a list of points, like this article. Another structure, often called 'pyramid style', is employed by journalists - the entire story is told in the first paragraph, and each paragraph thereafter offers less and less important details.

Inside this overall structure, writers provide arguments, explanations, descriptions or definitions, sometimes in combination. Each of these has a distinctive structure. An argument, for example, will have a conclusion, a point the writer wants you to believe. The conclusion will be supported by a set of premises. Linking the premises and the conclusion will be a set of indicators. The word 'therefore', for example, points to the conclusion.

Learning to write clearly is a matter of learning about the tools, and then practice in their application. Probably the best way to learn how to structure your writing is to learn how to give speeches without notes. This will force you to employ a clear structure (one you can remember!) and to keep it straightforward. I have written more on this, and also, check out Keith Spicer's book, Winging It.

Additionally, master the tools the professionals use. Learn the structure of arguments, explanations, descriptions and definitions. Learn the indicator words used to help readers navigate those structures. Master basic grammar, so your sentences are unambiguous. Information on all of these can be found online.

Then practice your writing every day. A good way to practice is to join a student or volunteer newspaper - writing with a team, for an audience, against a deadline. It will force you to work more quickly, which is useful, because it is faster to write clearly than to write poorly. If no newspaper exists, create one, or start up a news blog.

7. How to Learn

Your brain consists of billions of neural cells that are connected to each other. To learn is essentially to form sets of those connections. Your brain is always learning, whether you are studying mathematics or staring at the sky, because these connections are always forming. The difference in what you learn lies in how you learn.

When you learn, you are trying to create patterns of connectivity in your brain. You are trying to connect neurons together, and to strengthen that connection. This is accomplished by repeating sets of behaviours or experiences. Learning is a matter of practice and repetition.

Thus, when learning anything - from '2+2=4' to the principles of quantuum mechanics - you need to repeat it over and over, in order to grow this neural connection. Sometimes people learn by repeating the words aloud - this form of rote learning was popular not so long ago. Taking notes when someone talks is also good, because you hear it once, and then repeat it when you write it down.

Think about learning how to throw a baseball. Someone can explain everything about it, and you can understand all of that, but you still have to throw the ball several thousand times before you get good at it. You have to grow your neural connections in just the same way you grow your muscles.

Some people think of learning as remembering sets of facts. It can be that, sometimes, but learning is more like recognition than remembering. Because you are trying to build networks of neural cells, it is better to learn a connected whole rather than unconnected parts, where the connected whole you are learning in one domain has the same pattern as a connected whole you already know in another domain. Learning in one domain, then, becomes a matter of recognizing that pattern.

Sometimes the patterns we use are very artificial, as in 'every good boy deserves fudge' (the sentence helps us remember musical notes). In other cases, and more usefully, the pattern is related to the laws of nature, logical or mathematical principles, the flow of history, how something works as a whole, or something like that. Drawing pictures often helps people find patterns (which is why mind-maps and concept maps are popular).

Indeed, you should view the study of mathematics, history, science and mechanics as the study of archetypes, basic patterns that you will recognize over and over. But this means that, when you study these disciplines, you should be asking, "what is the pattern" (and not merely "what are the facts"). And asking this question will actually make these disciplines easier to learn.

Learning to learn is the same as learning anything else. It takes practice. You should try to learn something every day - a random word in the dictionary, or a random Wikipedia entry. When learning this item, do not simply learn it in isolation, but look for patterns - does it fit into a pattern you already know? Is it a type of thing you have seen before? Embed this word or concept into your existing knowledge by using it in some way - write a blog post containing it, or draw a picture explaining it.

Think, always, about how you are learning and what you are learning at any given moment. Remember, you are always learning - which means you need to ask, what are you learning when you are watching television, going shopping, driving the car, playing baseball? What sorts of patterns are being created? What sorts of patterns are being reinforced? How can you take control of this process?

8. How to stay healthy

As a matter of practical consideration, the maintenance of your health involves two major components: minimizing exposure to disease or toxins, and maintenance of the physical body.

Minimizing exposure to disease and toxins is mostly a matter of cleanliness and order. Simple things - like keeping the wood alcohol in the garage, and not the kitchen cupboard - minimize the risk of accidental poisoning. Cleaning cooking surfaces and cooking food completely reduces the risk of bacterial contamination. Washing your hands regularly prevents transmission of human borne viruses and diseases.

In a similar manner, some of the hot-button issues in education today are essentially issues about how to warn against exposure to diseases and toxins. In a nutshell: if you have physical intercourse with another person you are facilitating the transmission of disease, so wear protection. Activities such as drinking, eating fatty foods, smoking, and taking drugs are essentially the introduction of toxins into your system, so do it in moderation, and where the toxins are significant, don't do it at all.

Personal maintenance is probably even more important, as the major threats to health are generally those related to physical deterioration. The subjects of proper nutrition and proper exercise should be learned and practiced. Even if you do not become a health freak (and who does?) it is nonetheless useful to know what foods and types of actions are beneficial, and to create a habit of eating good foods and practicing beneficial actions.

Every day, seek to be active in some way - cycle to work or school, walk a mile, play a sport, or exercise. In addition, every day, seek to eat at least one meal that is 'good for you', that consists of protein and minerals (like meat and vegetables, or soy and fruit). If your school is not facilitating proper exercise and nutrition, demand them! You can't learn anything if you're sick and hungry! Otherwise, seek to establish an alternative program of your own, to be employed at noonhours.

Finally, remember: you never have to justify protecting your own life and health. If you do not want to do something because you think it is unsafe, then it is your absolute right to refuse to do it. The consequences - any consequences - are better than giving in on this.

9. How to value yourself

It is perhaps cynical to say that society is a giant conspiracy to get you to feel badly about yourself, but it wouldn't be completely inaccurate either. Advertisers make you feel badly so you'll buy their product, politicians make you feel incapable so you'll depend on their policies and programs, even your friends and acquaintances may seek to make you doubt yourself in order to seek an edge in a competition.

You can have all the knowledge and skills in the world, but they are meaningless if you do not feel personally empowered to use them; it's like owning a Lamborghini and not having a driver's license. It looks shiny in the driveway, but you're not really getting any value out of it unless you take it out for a spin.

Valuing yourself is partially a matter of personal development, and partially a matter of choice. In order to value yourself, you need to feel you are worth valuing. In fact, you are worth valuing, but it often helps to prove it to yourself by attaining some objective, learning some skill, or earning some distinction. And in order to value yourself, you have to say "I am valuable."

This is an important point. How we think about ourselves is as much a matter of learning as anything else. If somebody tells you that you are worthless over and over, and if you do nothing to counteract that, then you will come to believe you are worthless, because that's how your neural connections will form. But if you repeat, and believe, and behave in such a way as to say to yourself over and over, I am valuable, then that's what you will come to believe.

What is it to value yourself? It's actually many things. For example, it's the belief that you are good enough to have an opinion, have a voice, and have a say, that your contributions do matter. It's the belief that you are capable, that you can learn to do new things and to be creative. It is your ability to be independent, and to not rely on some particular person or institution for personal well-being, and autonomous, capable of making your own decisions and living your live in your own way.

All of these things are yours by right. But they will never be given to you. You have to take them, by actually believing in yourself (no matter what anyone says) and by actually being autonomous.

Your school doesn't have a class in this (and may even be actively trying to undermine your autonomy and self-esteem; watch out for this). So you have to take charge of your own sense of self-worth.

Do it every day. Tell yourself that you are smart, you are cool, you are strong, you are good, and whatever else you want to be. Say it out loud, in the morning - hidden in the noise of the shower, if need be, but say it. Then, practice these attributes. Be smart by (say) solving a crossword puzzle. Be cool by making your own fashion statement. Be strong by doing something you said to yourself you were going to do. Be good by doing a good deed. And every time you do it, remind yourself that you have, in fact, done it.

10. How to live meaningfully

This is probably the hardest thing of all to learn, and the least taught.

Living meaningfully is actually a combination of several things. It is, in one sense, your dedication to some purpose or goal. But it is also your sense of appreciation and dedication to the here and now. And finally, it is the realization that your place in the world, your meaningfulness, is something you must create for yourself.

Too many people live for no reason at all. They seek to make more and more money, or they seek to make themselves famous, or to become powerful, and whether or not they attain these objectives, they find their lives empty and meaningless. This is because they have confused means and ends - money, fame and power are things people seek in order to do what is worth doing.

What is worth doing? That is up to you to decide. I have chosen to dedicate my life to helping people obtain an education. Others seek to cure diseases, to explore space, to worship God, to raise a family, to design cars, or to attain enlightenment.

If you don't decide what is worth doing, someone will decide for you, and at some point in your life you will realize that you haven't done what is worth doing at all. So spend some time, today, thinking about what is worth doing. You can change your mind tomorrow. But begin, at least, to guide yourself somewhere.

The second thing is sometimes thought of as 'living in the moment'. It is essentially an understanding that you control your thoughts. Your thoughts have no power over you; the only thing that matters at all is this present moment. If you think about something - some hope, some failure, some fear - that thought cannot hurt you, and you choose how much or how little to trust that thought.

Another aspect of this is the following: what you are doing right now is the thing that you most want to do. Now you may be thinking, "No way! I'd rather be on Malibu Beach!" But if you really wanted to be on Malibu Beach, you'd be there. The reason you are not is because you have chosen other priorities in your life - to your family, to your job, to your country.

When you realize you have the power to choose what you are doing, you realize you have the power to choose the consequences. Which means that consequences - even bad consequences - are for the most part a matter of choice.

That said, this understanding is very liberating. Think about it, as a reader - what it means is that what I most wanted to do with my time right now is to write this article so that you - yes, you - would read it. And even more amazingly, I know, as a writer, that the thing you most want to do right now, even more than you want to be in Malibu, is to read my words. It makes me want to write something meaningful - and it gives me a way to put meaning into my life.

方军商业日记 2008年1月18日
第21次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告

CNNIC1月16日发布《第21次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》看了之后有这样几个印象深刻的内容：1，宽带上网和手机上网；2，网民对互联网的评价、各主要网络服务使用率、上网第一落脚点；3，网络媒体与用户自创内容。

1，宽带上网和手机上网

从上网比例看，77%的人宽带上网，手机上网的比例已达24％，未来的比例一定还将高速增长。报告中有这么一句话：“从长远看，手机与互联网会继续趋于融合。”

具体的手机接入情况，有下面这一段分析：

“目前中国4亿手机用户中，在过去半年有过手机接入互联网行为的网民数量是5040万人。即网民中的24%、手机用户中的12.6%是手机网民，手 机上网已经渐成风气。中国目前仍旧没有推行3G，手机上网速度很慢，如果下载一段同样大小的视频资料，手机上网费用要比通过电脑上网下载贵上很多倍。速度 慢和费用贵阻碍了中国手机上网的发展。邻国韩国手机上网则已经很发达，目前已有过半数（51.3%）的手机用户都使用手机上网。中国想要达到这样的高度， 还需要更多努力。中国如能推行无线宽带，降低手机上网资费，居民的上网条件将会进一步得到改善。”

2，网民对互联网的评价、各主要网络服务使用率、上网第一落脚点

“前七类网络应用的使用率按高低排序依次是：网络音乐＞即时通信＞网络影视＞网络新闻＞搜索引擎＞网络游戏＞电子邮件。体现互联网娱乐作用的网络音 乐、网络影视、网络游戏等排名靠前，中国互联网市场娱乐功能占主体地位；即时通信高居第二位，体现了中国互联网鲜明的本土特色；网络新闻的排名依旧很高， 更新博客/个人空间比例迅速提高，互联网新媒体的地位更加突出。”

“关于互联网第一落脚点，即网民上网后的第一件事，通过即时通信聊天的比例是39.7%，另外20%的网民则是看新闻。即时通信工具和网络新闻是网民上网的两个重要落脚点，两者占到了60%的份额。”

3，网络媒体与用户自创内容

在CNNIC报告中，把网络新闻和博客都定义为网络媒体：“网络新闻和博客都属于网络媒体，专注做网络新闻的主要是各大门户网站，代表主流媒体新闻，博客/个人门户的兴起则代表了草根（即普通网民）话语权的释放，博客/个人门户已成为网上新闻来源之一。”

但是，这一报告中有两段文字特别值得警惕，在分析网民对网络新闻和博客的信任度之后给出的解决方案分别是：“如果政府介入，加强监管，会有助于提高网民对网络新闻的相信程度。”“如果博客/个人空间实行实名制，网民对博客的相信程度应该会提高。”

网民的信任度数据分别是：问及网民对网络新闻的相信程度时，相信网络新闻的比例51.3%，略高于不相信的比率。网民对网络新闻的相信程度不太高。 网络新闻目前已经成为网民生活的重要一部分，但权威性还不是太高。但网民对博客/个人空间文章的相信程度不是很高。相信的比例仅为32.6%，比对网络新 闻的相信程度低了18.7个百分点。

另外还有一段分析：“阅读网络新闻、更新博客、访问政府网站和网上发帖的网民之间关系密切，较多使用其中一种网络应用的网民，使用其他三种网络应用也比较多。这一部分网民对政治相对比较关心，在互联网上比较活跃。”

报告关于用户自创内容的分析：

“2.1亿网民中，有34.3%的网民从来没有给互联网提供过内容，另外接近2/3（65.7%）的网民或者在网上发过帖，或者给互联网上传过内容，即1.38亿网民都对互联网内容作出过或多或少的贡献。

”对互联网文字内容的提供网民数最多，半年内有35.5%的网民在网上发过帖或跟过贴。其次是上传图片，有31.8%的网民上传过。上传过影视节目或者其他视频的网民比例则是17.5%。

“对互联网内容有所贡献的网民是比较活跃的一群网民。这群网民都比较年轻，18~24岁的网民对互联网内容贡献最大。并且，学历越高，给互联网提供 过内容的比例越高。这些网民以居住在城镇为主，北京和上海的网民提供过内容的比例最高。此外，这些网民往往提供一种互联网内容之后，还会提供其他类型的互 联网内容。即发帖的人上传图片、上传音乐视频等也比较多。”

不过我以为，用户自创内容（UGC）这是从网络公司视角进行的分析，对网民来说，他们要的是互动、参与，他们并不在乎是不是自创内容。

(C)版权所有 请勿转载
了解固然重要，了解却不理解则毫无意义。方军商业日记(BDAILY)，每周一至周五出版，与你一起理解纷繁复杂的商业世界。

相关链接：
CNNIC发布第21次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告（2008年1月16日）
《Netguide2008中国互联网调查报告》，中国互联网协会（2008年1月8日）

Netguide中国互联网调查的几个图表：

（这个图吧，如果把公司总收入以圈的大小表示就完美了，现在不太直观。）

[转贴]2008大学生就业

首先要澄清一个流毒广泛的说法：大学毕业第一份工作不重要。  
　　这绝对是极其错误的。它给了广大蒙蒙董董的大学毕业生一个错误的认识，对相当一  
 
部分人造成了无可挽回的损失！大学生就业选择，是对一个人十年内的生活产生重大影响  
 
的关键决策，是极其重要的。  
　　  
　　那么找怎么样的工作比较好？什么样的行业算好？大公司好还是小公司好？如何正确  
 
的理解当前工资和未来发展？一系列的问题摆在大学生的面前。下面我首先对要考虑的宏  
 
观策略问题进行分析，然后再进行个别具体问题的解答。

一、 中国现阶段职场利益集团划分  
　 　这才是一个大学毕业生首先要知道的大问题。学校的主任不会和你说的，公司招聘时  
 
也不会和你说的，因为利益只有少部分人能够分到；你父母也不一定会和你说 的，因为他  
 
们很可能也是糊涂的。如果这一部分已经有人很明确的告诉你了，或者你个人已经很敏锐  
 
的感知到了，那么恭喜你！你已经可以关闭这篇文章了，因为你 已经是明白人，不需要我  
 
浪费口舌。  
　　  
　（一）5大利益象限  
　　 中国的社会处在重要的转型变化中：由计划经济转向“有中国特色的市场经济”。这  
 
个过程是一个利益格局的重新分配的过程。在就业市场上，我们可以按大的方面对各种利  
 
益单位归类如下：  
　　1． 公务员（含事业单位）  
　　2． 垄断行业国企  
　　3． 竞争行业国企  
　　4． 外企  
　　5． 民营企业  
　　差不多所有的利益单位都可以在上述归类中找到位置。首先你要明白的是，这不是理  
 
论研究，这和你未来的事业、收入、地位、家庭都有直接的联系。你首先要明白的是，在  
 
招聘会上准备招聘你的这个公司（单位）到底是属于哪个象限的？  
　 　不同的象限拥有的力量和资源是不一样的。这导致了在不同的象限就业获得收入的能  
 
力也大不一样。在你选择公司之前，一定要清楚的了解这些。在目前的中国， 社会资源高  
 
度集中在少数公务员（即官员），以及垄断国企的手中。但是不同的地区，由于社会财富  
 
水平不一样，因此公务员集团的收入相差是很大的。虽然国家规 定的工资待遇大家都一样  
 
，但是你到广东、华东一带了解下公务员的实际年收入，你就不难理解为什么那么多你的  
 
同龄人在报考公务员了。实际上，即使在经济欠发 达地区，公务员在当地人群中仍然属于  
 
高收入群体。而且也许更关键的是，风险非常小。收益和风险成正比，你一定在课堂上学  
 
过吧？哈哈，告诉你，那是西方经济 学原理，我们是中国特色的，不一样的。在中国当公  
 
务员，风险小，收益大。也许你会说，不对啊，在你们哪个地方，公务员待遇也不怎么样  
 
啊？那么我要告诉你： 第一，你不能只看表面收入而不看灰色的部分；第二，当前中国允  
 
许地区间人员流动，因此由于不同地区经济财富水平差异很大，因此落后地区的公务员确  
 
实是比发 达地区的一般白领差的。这也就是利益格局的复杂之处，没有绝对的。  
　　  
　　 我们再来看一看国企的情况。一说到国企，很多人马上就想到下岗。这种观念也是错  
 
误的。首先，解雇员工并不是国企独有，大量的私企每年都在大量解雇员工，并 没有任何  
 
人给他们补偿，给他们“安置”。同时，也不是任何国企都效益不好，都需要下岗。我们  
 
看利益格局，首先要看谁拥有力量和资源。在中国，说白了就是谁 拥有力量和行业垄  
 
断的权力，想效益不好都难。这不是国企还是私企来简单划分的。例如中国移动、电信、  
 
银行、石油，这些垄断性行业中的大国企，个个效益 好。而那些国家已经“完全放开”了  
 
的竞争行业的国企，几乎都是完蛋两个字（不含假装放开的行业）。这里面有个很清晰的  
 
发展脉络：在90年代初，只有国企存 在，民营力量非常微弱。而国企长期的低工资、高福  
 
利政策，使得闸门打开后第一批进入市场经济的人尝到了“高”工资的甜头；在90年代末  
 
，以2000年为分 界线，时局发生了明显的转变。在抓大放小政策下，垄断行业的国企迅速  
 
利用其行政资源做市场经济，毫无悬念，他们无往不胜，获得了大量的利润；当前阶段，  
 
以 2005年为分界线，则又是另外一个崭新阶段的开始。各地MBO此起彼伏了。在这种情况  
 
下，垄断国企将出现分化，具体发展的预测比较复杂，我将在另外的文 章中专门分析。但  
无论如何，在当前阶段垄  
断国企是一个非常强势的高收入集团。  
要注意的是，即使是现在那些45岁左右下岗破产的竞争行业国企员工，在他们象 你们这么  
 
大就业的时候，他们当时的工作仍然是最好的，收入也是最高的。只是现在利益格局已经  
 
改变。  
　　  
　　 再来看下外企的情况。外资企业主要是依靠资金力量、和的关系、以及高水平管  
 
理在做事情，可以说是中国第一批真正的企业。但是，他们在中国仍然要遵守中 国的潜规  
 
则的。由于能够跨国经营的外企一般都是实力比较雄厚的，因此外企是一个非常强大的利  
 
益单位，也是就业的高收入单位。注意，那些中国人海外注册弄的 假外企不算，台湾、香  
 
港企业算民企。  
　　  
　　看看民企的情况，民企仍然不占中国经济的主体。他们在力量和占有资源上都相  
 
对比较弱。在 完全竞争的行业，主要是进去的比较早的一批民企做大了，拥有一定的力量  
 
。而大量的民企在充分市场竞争中生活质量都不高。因为中国并非真正的市场机制，有关  
 
 的法律法规很不健全，或者有法不依，或者有部分人有权不依，这造成了中国的完全竞争  
 
行业“扭曲竞争”的现象；在非完全竞争的行业，民企则主要是依附在某些 拥有资源的单  
 
位周围生存，这种状态打个比方就是例如吸附在某个树上的虫子，形成了一个又一个的非  
 
竞争性关系利益群。由于职业保护的法律型同虚设，以及缺少 工会等代表员工利益的力量  
 
，直接造成了民企员工在职场上成为弱势群体。也许你会问，那为什么国家关心国企下岗  
 
员工，而没有关注民企解雇员工呢？很简单，因 为国企下岗员工年纪已经大了，无法再找  
 
到足以维持原来生活水平的工作了。而中国的市场化进程才刚刚开始，民企员工大多数都  
 
是年轻人，社会问题并不明显。  
　好了，现在清楚些了吧，首先要看你要去的公司（单位）是在上述哪个象限。象限属  
 
性从大势上决定了你以后可能获得的收入和地位。而你个人的能力，是在大波 浪上翻起的  
 
小水花。可以说，判断大势的能力比从事具体事情的能力重要得多。也许你要说，好象哪  
 
个象限都有收入高的人啊。是的，可是你不要忘记了，在不同象 限获得高收入和地位的可  
 
能性，以及需要付出的努力是不一样的。在一些象限，你只要跟上平均水平，5年以后你就  
 
可以很轻易的存上一大笔钱，买上房子和车子； 而在一些象限，你要十分努力，10年以后  
 
，你有可能存上一些钱，买上房子和车子，而当你达到这个水平时，在优势象限的和你同  
 
时起步的人，已经存上了更多的 钱，换上了更大的房子和车子。象限是有优劣差异的，起  
 
点相同的人，由于选择了不同的发展通道，同样都很努力，但落到的结果将天差地别。  
 
　　  
　　其次，光看哪个象限还不足够。因为在同一个象限中，仍然存在着巨大的、人为因素  
 
造成的微妙区别！  
　　  
　　  
　二、 转型中的一代  
　　中国的事情要用放大镜看才会清楚，这也是老外永远无法真正了解中国社会的原因。  
 
上述人为差别按利益象限的不同也有差异：  
　　  
　1． 公务员、国企类，正式工和非正式工的差异  
　 　工作人员难道也有非正式工？是的，如果你还不知道，只能说明你孤陋寡闻。政  
 
府工作人员分为两类：国家正式编制的公务员以及所谓的“雇员”。在某 些地方，特  
 
别是经济贫穷的省，这两者收入差距不大；而越是经济富裕的省，这两者的收入差距就越  
 
大。雇员要转为国家正式编制的公务员，有很大的难度，没 有关系基本不用想。因此  
 
，即使你通过了国家公务员考试，即使你已经被某单位接收了，你一定要打听清楚，  
 
你到底是去做公务员，还是去做雇员？  
　 　中国所有的国企都有正式工和非正式工的差异。这种制度安排直接来源于计划经济下  
 
国家对个人的身份控制。在当年，一般都是“出身好”的人成为正式工，出身 差的人自然  
 
就是非正式工。现在这种出身制度已经被扫进历史垃圾堆，但所谓的用工制度却遗留了下  
 
来，同时被赋予了新的含义。在垄断性的国企，在市场中利用垄 断优势尝到了大甜头，自  
 
然要更加紧去获取市场利益。这时人力资源就成了问题。一方面，老的正式工就像八旗兵  
 
一样早就失去了打仗的勇气和能力，那么用什么人 去攻打市场呢？另一方面，中央不断要  
 
求这些垄断型的国企改制，优化人员结构，降低人员成本，那么怎么优化？怎么降低呢？  
 
很简单，大量招聘非正式工。一方面 用这些新鲜血液来攻打市场，充当炮灰，解决人力资  
 
源问题；另一方面将这些非正式工的工资进行市场化（垄断国企正式工的工资水平大大高  
 
于市场水平），这样就 拉低了整个企业的人均成本，完成了国资委布置的改制要求之一，  
 
而且不会损害正式工的利益（国企领导层是正式工利益的代表）。这表明了，国企已经蜕  
 
变成为了 一个市场怪胎，一方面利用国家力量获取市场利益，一方面成为为小部分人谋取  
 
利益的工具。但是要注意，当前还是有可能进入正式工群体的，因为正式工是一个松 散的  
利益集团，这个集团也要  
不断的吸收新鲜血液的，否则会边缘化  
，最终丧失其优势地位。非正式工的收入大概是正式工的1/2到1/4。当然，在这里不是进  
 
 行道义分析，而是要你去了解清楚，你到底是去做正式工，还是去做非正式工？

2． 外企类，大陆工和非大陆工的差异  
　　 在外企，差别主要体现在大陆工和非大陆工之间。大陆工工资一般是非大陆工的1/5  
 
到1/10。这是合理的。因为外企到中国来投资的90%的理由就是因为你 人便宜，不是因为  
 
你是文明古国，也不是因为你有三个代表。人家的要求是合理的。当然，即使是这1/5到1  
 
/10的收入，和其他国人相比，仍然是很不错的。 当然，外企工作是很累的，风险和收益  
 
成正比。那为什么外企还要招聘非大陆工呢？这里你要清楚的知道，主要是因为3个原因：  
 
第一，需要一些可以信任的人来管 理（受法制国家法律约束的人）；第二，需要一些精通  
 
英语的人（能用英语思考）来管理；第三，需要一些具有国际视野的人来管理。那是否你  
 
就只能当大陆工了 呢？不是的。你应该清楚的一点是，你也是有机会成为非大陆工的。这  
 
就是为什么这么多人去美国留学的原因。当然，仅仅留学是不够的，一定要在美国就业并  
 
拿到 绿卡才行。现在很多外资企业的CEO，当初就是在美国做体力工混到的绿卡，然后因  
 
为精通两边语言的优势，跨国企业需要在中国建立代表处，就找这样的人去做 所谓的“首  
 
席代表”，然后又逐步提升，就是这样的。当然，随着现在对外交流的越来越多，要求也  
 
越来越高了，但成为非大陆工，仍然是有可能的。  
　　  
3． 民企类，股份工和非股份工的差异  
　 　 在民企，差别主要体现在股份工和非股份工之间。股份工主要是哪些有使用股份来  
 
吸引人的企业中才有，是最初创业阶段加入的员工。例如华为就有相当多的股份 工。非股  
 
份工则是那些很后才加入的员工，或者是那些很早加入，但对于公司没有什么价值的员工  
 
。在经过了创业阶段以后，企业一般就不再需要用股份来吸引初级 员工了，招聘主要就是  
 
填补战斗减员——有人走了，就招新的。期权一般用于高级管理者，由于本文分析的是大  
 
学生就业，因此与它无关。中国大部分民企生存环境 非常恶劣，自身都难保，员工待遇就  
 
可想而知了。当然，创业型民企失败的概率是非常大的。你决定去民企前，一定要了解清  
 
楚，是创业扩张型的民企，还是补充战 斗减员型的？  
　　  
　　 现在的年轻一代，实际上是中国社会转型中的一代，注定要承受付出转型代价的一代  
 
。他们的上一代，实际上仍然在吃传统体制的旧饭，并未真正的投入到市场竞争 中；他们  
 
的下一代，将因为社会的不断进步而获得很大程度的劳动保障；而他们这一代，将注定在  
 
20年后的“白领失业浪潮”中变成中国社会最悲惨的人。这是时 代的代价，没有办法的。  
 
 
　　  
　　  
三、 职业生涯设计  
　　从整体而言，这一代人注定要承受社会转型的代价。但从个体而言，仍然可以尽力去  
 
争取好的结果。这也是本文的意义所在。  
　　其实从上述分析，对于职业市场中哪些象限比较好，哪些象限比较差，可以说已经是  
 
一目了然了。为了更加清楚的查看，现按优劣程度将其排列如下：  
　　1． 外企非大陆工  
　　2． 经济发达地区公务员  
　　3． 垄断国企正式工  
　　4． 民企股份工  
　　5． 外企大陆工  
　　6． 雇员  
　　7． 竞争国企正式工  
　　8． 垄断国企非正式工  
　　9. 竞争国企业非正式工  
　　10. 民企非股份工  
　　  
　　也许你可以举出一些反例，但是要注意，上述情况是对一般情况的总结，不包含一些  
 
特殊情况，例如你们那里特别穷，公务员拿不到任何灰色收入等情况。  
　　  
　 　好了，在你找工作的时候，你要记得的是，尽量往高处走。不要被一些花言巧语所迷  
 
惑，不要被一些所谓人力资源专家的“看长远发展”的说法所弄糊涂。你一定 要记住，你  
 
站的越高，那么你跳的就越远，看长远发展绝对是起点高的跳的远。不要相信专家们所谓  
 
的职业生涯设计，那不是真的。  
四、 具体问题解答  
1． 如何辨别正式工岗位和非正式工岗位？  
　 　对于公务员，要询问是否进入国家编制。如果不进编制，即为雇员；对于国企，  
 
不要直接询问是否正式工，他们会义正言辞的告诉你：“我们这里都是正式员 工”。你要  
 
注意，这里多了一个字：正式“员”工，里面分为正式工和非正式工。（要记住，中国的  
 
国企和央视是一家的，说的话一定要反着听，不然你一定上当） 你最好是找内部人了解下  
 
，这样最清楚。如果不认识人的话，你应该看他这个招聘是什么部门在主要操作。如果是  
 
某个业务部门自己在招聘，而不是总部人力资源部 出面招聘的话，多半都是非正式工了。  
 
最后，可以询问多久可以“转正”，如果他们闪烁其词，仍然在解释 “都是正式的”云云  
 
，或者他们告诉你3到6个月的“试用期”，那么你基本可以肯定是非正式工了。  
　　  
2． 要不要在意开始的收入？  
　 　很多专家在这个问题上胡说八道。他们认为一开始不要太在意收入，要看长远发展。  
 
这是典型的不负责任专家。你可以想象一下，什么东西决定了一个岗位的收 入？很简单，  
 
在不同公司间，市场形式好的，有长远发展的公司的岗位，要比没有前途公司的同样岗位  
 
收入高；在一个公司内部，有长远发展规划的重要岗位要比没 有前途的临时岗位的收入高  
 
。开始收入的高度反映了公司对你这个岗位的重要性的看法。你是认为一个重要的岗位有  
 
前途，还是认为一个不重要的岗位有前途？  
　　  
3． 去大公司还是去小公司？  
　 　还有一种骗人的说法，是说去小公司更可以锻炼人。这种说法荒谬无比。小公司由于  
 
实力不济，往往没有高手级的人才，也无法开展一些需要强大资源才能进行的 市场运作。  
 
这决定了你无法向真正的高手学习，也无法积累大型市场运作的经验。记住，锻炼打大仗  
 
的本领，比锻炼一两个人单打独斗的经验有价值得多。  
　　  
4． 白领会失业吗？  
　 　答案是：“会，而且会大规模失业。”你要知道的一点是，中国是一个人力资源无穷  
 
无尽的国家，还有那么多的农民在等待着加入城市就业大军。现在的所谓白 领，不过是在  
 
吃青春饭而已。等他们40岁左右的时候，大量的新的年轻毕业生能够用比他们低的工资来  
 
做同样的工作（估计那时中国的劳工保障法案仍然是不健全 的，也没有什么工会来保护他  
 
们），那个时候，就会出现中国第一次大规模的白领失业浪潮。  
　　  
5． 做专业性的工作，还是做销售？  
　 　要看个人情况而定，一般情况而言，首先要看自己是否有做销售的潜力；其次，要看  
 
是销售的领域是否有技术含量，不要放弃自己的专业而去做没有什么技术含量 的销售业务  
 
。如果你已经拥有了一个很有技术含量的专业，如医学、法律等等，千万不要放弃，机会  
 
成本太高了。你要知道，在这个专业领域，没有多少人能够和你 竞争的（眼睛别只盯住每  
 
年毕业的那些医学毕业生），因为你要知道，如果你改行去卖保险，那么将有数千万职高  
 
生、失业青年和你竞争，而且很可能你竞争不过他 们。但是，如果是在有技术含量的领域  
 
，从事市场工作往往是一条捷径。  
　　  
6． 找工作通过什么渠道比较好？  
　　不同的渠道，主要用来发布不同的岗位。例如，招聘网站、是外企招聘大陆工，民企  
 
招聘非股份工比较多用的渠道；国企招聘非正式工多用报纸、人才市场；而公务员、国企  
 
正式工，则多半要通过内部关系来介绍了。  
　　  
7． 找什么样的行业比较好？  
　 　这里一定要注意了，大学毕业生找工作，主要是找行业，而不是看你学的专业是否“  
 
对口”。对行业要有提前预测性。现在好的行业未来不见得好。在中国未来5 年我比较看  
 
好的行业是：微电子、金融、建筑、法律、医药、生化。如果你学的专业正好是这几个，  
 
那很好；如果不是也不要紧，你可以考研究生，也可以去做这些 领域的市场工作。记住，  
 
要做Sales，也要做这些有前景行业的Sales，而不要去做超市的Sales.

1. 周韶宁：中国大概有一亿个互联网的使用者，两千五百万中小型企业用户。

2.周韶宁：有一个报告说大概 75％ 的人承认，搜索引擎结果将会影响他们购买的选择，60％的人愿意在朋友              的推荐下购买这些产品

在一个论坛上看到的。。。zz过来大家看看

2008计算机系研究生所签单位工资解密         
杭州浙大网新  8500-9000 *13  奖金0-4月左右   工作北京
杭州道富银行  8000 *13 杭州  奖金0-4月左右 
杭州恒天软件  7500-8000 *13 杭州 奖金0-4月左右 
南京趋势  9000左右*? 奖金未知
青岛朗讯 年薪108,000
北京阿尔卡特   9600 *12  奖金1个月左右
北京myspace  8000 *?  奖金未知
北京雅虎  8000 
北京MS 年薪16-18万
北京百度  年薪18万-25万
北京谷歌  年薪18万以上，具体不详
北京舜联 10000-12000 *12-15
北京航天5院  第一年7.2万 奖金未知
北京大唐微电子 5800*16 
北京和利时  5000 
北京VIA 7500*13
北京的公司的薪水，按12月算，基本在6500-7000

上海sonicwall 8500 *? 奖金未知
上海trident 8800*13  奖金未知
上海synopsys 10000*12  奖金未知  有股票
上海AMD 9300*13
上海IBM 8800*13或14
上海Nvidia10000*13
上海芯源8000
上海科达7000
扬智电子7500
奇梦达 7500（苏州）6200（西安）
苏州飞索 7500
苏州瑞晟 8500*13
苏州诚致 7800（提供住宿）
成都Intel 年薪10W（包含160股股票）
飞思卡尔 7500
杭州国芯 6500*15
杭州士兰 6500
华为 5500+(800-1000) 上海,西安,北京,深圳等
中兴 5800+500   上海,西安,北京等
大唐移动 5000-6000 *16 上海,北京等
腾讯   7000*13  奖金0-4月 北京,深圳等

以上由于部分同学说得不是很清楚或含糊其辞，所以误差在所难免，欢迎大家指正和补充
！

标  题: Re: 2年半的研究生生活怎么规划
发信站: 饮水思源 (2007年12月22日22:16:21 星期六)

hehe,
我觉得，第一年，把课程学好，考试的成绩弄好一点，将来还是很有用的；
争取发高水平的论文，能那个好一点的奖学金；
多学些专业方面的技能，要日积月累；
可以，好好的有计划的提高英语，找工作时会有用；
第一年相对时间较多，有什么爱好，可以尽量多的参加文艺、体育等活动；
有兴趣志愿者活动也有很多机会；

第二年，想好自己毕业论文到底写什么？毕业设计怎么做？心里有数就可以；
如果导师管得不严，可以开始找实习；
等到第二年的暑假，很多大公司都会为将来正式录用招暑期实习生，这个时候找准机会努
力争取；

第三年，只有半年了，找工作，不用规划了，如果愿意在暑期实习的公司顺利转正，会省去很多事情，个人感觉也会失去很多有价值的人生经历；如果和大多数人一样找工作，会很忙的，但也会得到很多磨练，也很不错，呵呵

1. 网上个人秘书（生日）

2.移动搜索

3.移动网游

4.我参加的活动

1.fortitude

n.

坚韧

2.temperance

n.

节欲, 戒酒, 禁酒, (气候等的)温和

3.devotion

n.

热爱, 投入

4.lament

n.

悲伤, 哀悼, 恸哭, 挽诗, 悼词

vt.

哀悼

vi.

悔恨, 悲叹

5.surgeon

n.

外科医生

6.prudent

adj.

谨慎的

7.slay

[slei]

v.

<书>杀, 杀死, 宰杀, 杀害, 宰杀, 杀死

8.frost

[frCst, frC:st]

n.

霜, 霜冻, 严寒

v.

结霜

9.blade

[bleid]

n.

刀刃, 刀片

10.giraffe

n.

长颈鹿, 鹿豹座

11.mate

[meit]

n.

配偶, 对手, 助手

vt.

使配对, 使一致, 结伴

vi.

成配偶, 紧密配合

12.queer

[kwiE]

n.

同性恋者

adj.

奇怪的, 可疑的，不舒服的

13.deserter

n.

背弃者, 逃亡者, 脱党者

14.rotten

adj.

腐烂的, 恶臭的, 堕落的, (岩石等)风化的, 虚弱的, 无用的

vt.

15.flavor

[5fleivE]

n.

情味, 风味, 滋味, 香料

vt.

加味于

搞糟

16.gladiator

n.

古罗马公开表演的格斗者(通常都是奴隶和俘虏), 精于辩论和格斗的人, 职业拳击者

17.salute

n.

(尤指军队等之)举手礼, 升降旗致敬, 呜礼炮等, 敬礼

v.

行礼致敬, 敬礼

18.thrust

n.

插, 戳, 刺, 推力, 猛推, 口头攻击

vt.

力推, 冲, 插入, 挤进, 刺, 戳, 强加, 延伸

vi.

插入, 刺, 戳, 延伸, 强行推进

19.flesh

[fleF]

n.

肉, (供食用的)兽肉, 肉体, 肉欲, 果肉, 蔬菜的嫩部, 亲属, 人体

vt.

以肉喂(猎犬等), 使肥, 赋以血肉

vi.

长胖

20.ultimate

adj.

最后的, 最终的, 根本的

n.

最终

21.sanitation

n.

卫生, 卫生设施

22.combat

n.

战斗, 格斗

v.

战斗, 搏斗, 抗击

23.plague

n.

瘟疫, 麻烦, 苦恼, 灾祸

vt.

折磨, 使苦恼, 使得灾祸

24.bosom

n.

胸部, 胸, 胸怀, 内心, 内部, 中间, 任何温暖、舒适而熟悉的地方

vt.

怀抱, 隐匿

25.obedience

n.

服众, 顺从

26.illusion

n.

幻想

27.barbarian

n.

粗鲁无礼的人, 野蛮人

adj.

野蛮的, 粗鲁的

28.tedious

adj.

单调乏味的, 沉闷的, 冗长乏味的

29.sermonize

[5sE:mEnaiz]

v.

说教, 布道, 说大道理与人听

30.seduce

v.

诱使

31.mob

n.

(集合词)暴徒, 乌合之众, (盗贼等的)一群

v.

成群暴动, 聚众滋扰

32.distract

v.

转移

33.roar

[rC:]

n.

吼叫, 怒号

vi.

吼叫, 怒号

v.

滚动, 咆哮

34.marble

[5mB:bl]

n.

大理石, (玩具)弹球.石弹子, 雕刻品

adj.

大理石的, 冷酷无情的, 坚硬的

35.senate

[5senit]

n.

参议院, 上院

36.magnific

[mA^5nifik]

adj.

庄严的, 崇高的

37spectacle

[5spektEkl]

n.

观览物, 展览物, 公开展示, 奇观, 景象, 光景, (a pair of ～s)眼镜

38.commemorate

[kE5memEreit]

vt.

纪念

39.scratch

[skrAtF]

n.

乱写, 刮擦声, 抓痕, 擦伤

vt.

乱涂, 勾抹掉, 擦, 刮, 搔, 抓, 挖出

vi.

发刮擦声, 搔, 抓

adj.

打草稿用的, 凑合的

40.flea

[fli:]

n.

跳蚤, 低廉的旅馆，生蚤的动物

41.infest

[in5fest]

v.

大批滋生

42.suckle

[5sQkl]

vt.

哺乳, 养育, 吮吸

vi.

吸奶

43.tonic

[5tCnik]

adj.

激励的, 滋补的

n.

滋补剂, 滋补品

44.giant

[5dVaiEnt]

n.

巨人, 大力士, 巨大的动物或植物, 伟人, 天才

adj.

庞大的, 巨大的

45.crush

[krQF]

vt.

压碎, 碾碎, 压服, 压垮, 粉碎, (使)变形

46.skull

[skQl]

n.

头脑, 头骨

47.invincible

[in5vinsEbl]

adj.

不能征服的, 无敌的

48.ferocious

[fE5rEuFEs]

adj.

凶恶的, 残忍的, 凶猛的, <口>十分强烈的, 极度的

49.brute

[bru:t]

adj.

残忍的, 畜生般的

n.

残忍的人, 畜生

50.stagger

[5stA^E]

v.

摇晃, 蹒跚, 交错, 摇摇摆摆

adj.

交错的

51.hazy

[5heizi]

adj.

朦胧的, 烟雾弥漫的, 模糊的

52.vexed

[vekst]

adj.

焦急的, 为难的, 恼怒的

53.treachery

[5tretFEri]

n.

背叛, 背信弃义, 变节, 叛逆行为

54.assassin

[E5sAsin]

n.

暗杀者, 刺客

55.weep

[wi:p]

n.

哭, 哭泣, 滴下

vi.

哭泣, 流泪, 哀悼, 滴落

vt.

哭着使...,悲叹, 滴下

56.mourn

[mC:n]

v.

哀悼, 忧伤, 服丧

57.majestic

[mE5dVestik]

adj.

宏伟的, 庄严的

58.fickle

[5fikl]

adj.

(在感情等方面)变幻无常的, 浮躁的, 薄情的

59.squeal

[skwi:l]

v.

长声尖叫, 告密, 抱怨, 激烈抗议

n.

长而尖的声音

60.moan

[mEun]

n.

呻吟, 哀悼, 呼啸

vi.

发出呻吟声, 抱怨, 哀悼

vt.

呻吟

61.whore

[hC:]

n.

娼妓

vi.

卖淫

62.ravage

[5rAvidV]

n.

破坏, 蹂躏, 劫掠后的痕迹, 创伤

v.

毁坏, 掠夺

63.afterlife

[5B:ftElaIf]

n.

死后(灵魂)的生活,后半生,晚年

64.defy

[di5fai]

vt.

不服从, 公然反抗, 藐视, 挑衅, 违抗, 使...难于

n.

挑战

65.defiance

[di5faiEns]

n.

挑战, 蔑视, 挑衅

66.martyr

[5mB:tE]

n.

烈士, 殉教者

v.

杀害, 折磨

67.nibble

[5nibl]

n.

半位元组, 细咬, 轻咬, 啃

v.

一点一点地咬, 细咬, 吹毛求疵

68.encamp

v.

扎营

69.warrior

[5wCriE]

n.

战士, 勇士, 武士, 战斗, 尚武, 鼓吹战争的人

adj.

战斗的, 尚武的

70.putrid

[5pju:trid]

adj.

腐烂的, <口>非常讨厌的

71.frightfully

adv.

可怕地, 非常地

72.persuasive

[pE5sweIsIv]

n.

说服者, 劝诱

adj.

善说服的

73.conspire

[kEn5spaiE]

v.

共谋, 阴谋, (指事件)凑合起来

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